Introduction

The history of the paper industry in New Hampshire is as rich and textured as the products it has produced over the centuries. From the state’s earliest days, the paper industry has played a critical role in its economic development, offering a compelling story of innovation, resilience, and transformation.

The Early Days: 18th to 19th Century

New Hampshire’s paper-making history dates back to the late 18th century, following the establishment of the first American paper mill in Pennsylvania in 1690. While the exact date of the first paper mill in New Hampshire isn’t clear, it’s known that by the 1800s, there were several mills in operation, primarily concentrated in the southern part of the state.

These early mills were small and often located near streams or rivers to harness water power for the labor-intensive process of turning rags into paper. The process began with the collection and sorting of rags, followed by their transformation into a pulp mixture through a series of steps that involved cutting, fermenting, washing, and bleaching the rags. This pulp was then formed into sheets, pressed, and dried to produce paper.

During the 19th century, the paper industry began to grow and evolve. The invention of the Fourdrinier machine in the early 1800s revolutionized the paper-making process by automating the creation of continuous rolls of paper, significantly increasing the efficiency and scale of production. New Hampshire mills were quick to adopt this innovation, propelling the state to the forefront of the American paper industry.

The Industrial Revolution: Late 19th to Early 20th Century

The late 19th and early 20th centuries marked a period of significant growth and change for the New Hampshire paper industry. The Industrial Revolution brought about technological advancements that allowed for the mass production of paper. Additionally, the discovery that wood pulp could be used to make paper led to a surge in production, as New Hampshire’s abundant forests provided a plentiful supply of raw material.

During this period, New Hampshire became home to some of the largest paper mills in the country. Towns like Berlin, Gorham, and Claremont saw a boom in their economies as they became centers of paper production. The Brown Company in Berlin, founded in 1852, was a significant player during this era, pioneering new processes in papermaking and contributing to the growth of the industry in the region.

However, this period was not without its challenges. The paper industry’s growth led to increased deforestation, prompting concerns about sustainability and the long-term impact on New Hampshire’s environment. This was an early indication of the environmental issues that would come to the forefront in the latter part of the 20th century.

The Mid-20th Century: Challenges and Changes

The mid-20th century brought new challenges to the New Hampshire paper industry. The advent of synthetic materials and digital technology led to a decline in the demand for paper. Additionally, increasing awareness and concern about environmental issues resulted in stricter regulations that impacted the operations of paper mills.

In response to these challenges, the paper industry in New Hampshire began to shift focus. Mills started to specialize in the production of specific types of paper and paper products, such as coated paper, tissue paper, and specialty papers. They also invested in new technologies to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. This period of adjustment and innovation allowed the industry to survive and continue to contribute significantly to the state’s economy.

The 21st Century and Beyond

As we moved into the 21st century, the paper industry in New Hampshire has continued to evolve. The rise of the digital age and increasing environmental consciousness have led to further transformations. From a historical perspective, the state relied on traditional manufacturers such as paper mills, textiles, shoemakers, and small machining shops. However, recent trends have seen a shift, with these sectors now contributing less than a quarter of the economy of New Hampshire​.

Despite these changes, the paper industry still holds a presence in New Hampshire today. Several paper mills are currently operating across the state, with locations in cities and towns including Ashuelot, Bennington, Berlin, Claremont, Concord, Contoocook, Gorham, Groveton, Henniker, Hinsdale, Milton, Nashua, Rochester, Tilton, and Winchester. These mills continue to play a significant role in local economies and demonstrate the resilience and adaptability of the paper industry.

Conclusion

The history of the paper industry in New Hampshire is a story of constant change and adaptation. From its early beginnings in the 18th century to its boom during the Industrial Revolution and its evolution in the face of digitalization and environmental concerns, the industry has continuously reinvented itself to meet changing demands and challenges.

Today, the paper industry in New Hampshire stands as a testament to this history. It continues to contribute to the state’s economy, even as it has become a smaller part of the overall economic picture. The resilience and innovation that have defined the industry’s history continue to drive it forward into the future.

The story of the paper industry in New Hampshire serves as a reminder of the dynamic nature of industries and economies. It underscores the importance of innovation, adaptability, and resilience in the face of change – lessons that remain as relevant today as they were when the first paper mill was established in the state. As we look to the future, we can only anticipate that the paper industry will continue to evolve, shaped by the same forces of change and innovation that have marked its history.